Self-organizing maps

The second, revised edition of this book was suggested by the impressive sales of the first edition. Fortunately this enabled us to incorporate new important results that had just been obtained. The ASSOM (Adaptive-Subspace SOM) is a new architecture in which invariant-feature detectors emerge in an unsupervised learning process. Its basic principle was already introduced in the first edition, but the motiva tion and theoretical discussion in the second edition is more thorough and consequent. New material has been added to Sect. 5.9 and this section has been rewritten totally. Correspondingly, Sect. 1.4, which deals with adaptive subspace classifiers in general and constitutes the prerequisite for the ASSOM principle, has also been extended and rewritten totally. Another new SOM development is the WEBSOM, a two-layer architecture intended for the organization of very large collections of full-text documents such as those found in the Internet and World Wide Web. This architecture was published after the first edition came out. The idea and results seemed to be so important that the new Sect. 7.8 has now been added to the second edition. Another addition that contains new results is Sect. 3.15, which describes the acceleration in the computing of very large SOMs. It was also felt that Chap. 7, which deals with 80M applications, had to be extended.