Odd Langholm Bücher

Focusing on the evolution of economic thought, this study explores the complexities of exchange economics, including prices, wages, and interest rates. It examines how individuals often make financial decisions out of necessity rather than genuine choice, a concept first articulated by medieval university scholars. The narrative traces this critical discussion from its medieval origins to contemporary perspectives, highlighting the enduring relevance of economic compulsion in shaping human behavior and market dynamics.

Focusing on the intersection of economic activity and moral theology, this volume explores trade and price norms found in penitential handbooks for confessors. It traces the evolution of these norms from early times to the Reformation, analyzing around ninety handbooks and providing biographical insights on their authors. Additionally, it offers a comprehensive overview of penitential doctrine, particularly in late Italian summas, and contrasts this with secular economic ideas from the Renaissance, highlighting the Church's perspective on sin and penance in economic contexts.