Carolina Gerwin Bücher

Focusing on the interplay of EU Law and individual rights, this essay explores the significance of the indirect effect in protecting citizens' rights, highlighting its advantages. However, it emphasizes a shift towards the increasing relevance of horizontal direct effect as evidenced by recent case law, suggesting a potential evolution in the application of EU legal principles. The analysis, rooted in contemporary legal developments, offers insights into the dynamic nature of EU law and its implications for individual rights within the member states.

Focusing on the emergence of a liberal central state in the 1930s, this essay critically examines the New Deal's impact on race, particularly concerning African Americans. While acknowledging the New Deal's role in alleviating hardships during the Great Depression, it argues that racial issues for African Americans persisted and highlights the illiberal aspects of the New Deal that failed to address these problems. The analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of US liberalism during this pivotal period in American history.

Focusing on Cicero's philosophical perspective, the essay explores the concept of justice as the paramount virtue that surpasses all others. It emphasizes how justice fosters sociability and is essential for maintaining the integrity of both community and state. By analyzing Cicero's views, the work contributes to contemporary discussions on the nature of justice within the framework of a republic, highlighting its significance in promoting social cohesion and political stability.

This essay examines whether the EU has developed a strategic culture in its foreign and security policy. It discusses the concept of strategic culture, the similarities among member states, and analyzes the European Security Strategy of 2003. The conclusion suggests that while progress has been made, a common strategic culture is not yet fully established.