As human populations grow and gain access to technology, two significant environmental concerns have emerged. First, human activities increasingly impact the earth system, altering biospheric carbon pools, elemental cycling, and the climate. These changes are occurring more rapidly than at any time in the last several million years, and due to time lags and feedback mechanisms, they are not easily reversible. Second, human actions are driving species extinctions at rates comparable to past geological events. While some environmental changes may be reversible over certain timescales, species loss is irreversible. Additionally, changes in diversity at various scales raise alarms. Habitat fragmentation and declining population sizes affect genetic diversity, while the loss or introduction of new functional groups can significantly alter ecosystem processes. Modifications in landscape diversity through habitat changes further impact interactions within and among vegetation patches. Although ecological changes and biodiversity loss have been viewed as separate concerns, they are deeply interrelated. Alterations in ecological systems directly influence biodiversity, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of these interconnected processes.
