History of Europe, Prehistory

The Middle Ages, spanning approximately 500 to 1400-1500 CE, is a complex period marked by significant transformation in Europe. Initially viewed as a time of ignorance, it now reveals dynamic changes as Roman traditions gave way to Germanic kingdoms, leading to the establishment of new political structures and the Christianization of the population. Key developments include the Carolingian renaissance under Charlemagne, economic and territorial expansion, the rise of national identities, and cultural advancements such as Gothic art, the Crusades, and the birth of universities.